Food and agriculture organization fao, the principal body responsible for. Please and thank you ive already got some answers, i just need to beef up my paragraph a bit. Urban, or urban function related, as defined by functional and economic relationships. Answers 1 how do you compare government policy on wheat farming in kenya and canada. Plantation agriculture grew rapidly with the increase in international trade and the development. Less than 50% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry and fishing, andor concentration of tourism, industry, commerce, and construction, andor served with greatest frequency by independently owned transport vehicles allowing residents to commute to work in. From an ecological point of view, the reconstruction of a vegetation cover through forest plantation restores the productivity of the land in terms of reduction of air pollution, regulation. The various types of agriculture in india practiced by farmers. The tropical areas of latin america, asia and africa are the areas where plantation agriculture has been developed. For example, rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut and fruit crops like apples, grapes, oranges, etc.
Plantation agriculture in the tropics semantic scholar. Latin american plantations are most likely to grow coffee, sugarcane and bananas white ki. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation 1 caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure making it. Protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located. This summarizes information by tea growing region detailing estate attributes time established, land under crop production, type and maturity of crops and yield, labor number of workers, malefemale split and technical staff, power supply and any green technology, certification status, other onsite agricultural. But that distinction appears insufficient, as plantation agriculture can also involve the production of food crops, such as bananas or sugarcane, while food crops. Slavery and plantations had different characteristics in different regions of the south. Answers 1 what are the problems affecting wheat farming in canada. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Plantation crops were determined by soil and climate, with tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and sugarcane, for example, each predominating in a certain zone of the southeastern colonies of north america. Theory and practice in plantation agriculture overseas. The term plantation in relation to farming is informal, and not exactly defined.
Pdf downloads current agriculture research journal. Plantation houses in the southern united states and in other areas are known as quite grand and expensive architectural works today, though most were more utilitarian, working farmhouses. Plantation is a form of commercial agriculture found in the tropics and the subtropics of america, africa and asia. I forest plantations julian evans encyclopedia of life support systems eolss forest plantations julian evans. The specialised commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates or plantations is a very distinctive type of tropical agriculture and is found in. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience high annual temperatures and receive high annual rainfall. The important inputs are seeds, fertilisers, machinery and pisciculture breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds. The agricultural sector needs to employ a wide range of evolving technologies and farm practices across many different farming systems and structures to meet a variety of. Describe any five important characteristics of plantation farming. In small scale agriculture the land do not exceed four hectare.
Plantations are only capable of producing a single crop which takes long time to grow. Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. In part a identification of the two crops shown in the pictures was followed by a discussion on differences in economic geography in part b. Pdf negative or positive effects of plantation and. The specialised commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates or. However, there are different opinions on the minimum size to qualify an undertaking as a plantation.
Department of agriculture, forest service, southern research station. Farm system agriculture or farming can be looked at as a system. However, the type of farming will generally refer to growing crops on a large scale that are to be exported, with. Globalization, agriculture, and the least developed countries1,2 introduction this paper examines the importance of agriculture in poverty alleviation and sustainable economic growth and development of the least developed countries ldcs. For agriculture to develop, a renewed emphasis is required on policies and. Jul 22, 2015 smallscale agriculture smallscale agriculture is the type of agriculture that is practiced on relatively small plots of land. Since 1500 ad, the products from over a dozen tropical crops have been in constant demand by people in the temperate regions. The crops that are grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, opium, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, fruits, rubber trees, and forest trees.
The tropical plantation is one of the worlds oldest systems of commercial agriculture. Mar 06, 2012 plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. In africa, plantation crops include sugar, tea, cocoa, tobacco, cotton, rubber and grapevine. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience tropical climat. Plantation crops were determined by soil and climate, with tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and sugarcane, for example, each predominating in a certain zone of the southeastern colonies of north america the labourintensive plantation declined. Palm oil plantation plantation indonesia industry lanscape. Peasant farming is firstly defined as the cultivation of crops and rearing of animals on a small scale. The typical plantation was a selfsustained community, an economic and political institution governed with a monopoly of authority by the planter. Describe any five important characteristics of plantation.
Plantation agriculture is usually considered distinct from subsistence agriculture, which refers to food crop production, while the former is generally devoted to commercial crops. Four characteristics of plantation agriculture 2797391 plantation estates are very large, covering thousands of hectares and are normally run by huge foreign or local private companies. Product of the plantation farming is totally dependent on international market. It is a large farm with the cultivation of a limited number of cash crops, carried out using scientific and efficient methods. The plantation system however is considerably older in tropical america than in asia and africa. Despite the longterm history of plantation agriculture. In an ongoing effort to be fiscally responsible, the southern research station srs will no longer produce and distribute hard copies of our publications. Characteristics of plantation agriculture now that we know.
Agriculture the science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. Intensive agriculture, also known as intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming and industrial agriculture, is a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area. Plantation agriculture is more than 400 years old and contributes to the regional and national economies in many tropical countries. This farming industry occupies approximately two lots of land. First, the domestic economy of a plantation hinterland is structurally part of an overseas economy. Investment was much more significant as the owners of the capital also lived in those colonies.
Many srs publications are available at cost via the government printing office gpo. The specialised commercial cultivation of cash crops on estates or plantations is a. What are the characteristics of plantation agriculture. Agriculture in ethiopia is the foundation of the countrys economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product gdp, 83. Smallscale agriculture smallscale agriculture is the type of agriculture that is practiced on relatively small plots of land. Oil palm malaysia pg 54 slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising.
Most of the labour is provided by family members and is. Tea production characteristics of tea growers plantations. Social and environmental implications of plantation. Forest plantations encyclopedia of life support systems. Forest characteristics background paper to the kotka v expert consultation 1 introduction the term forest encompasses a variety of different kinds of forests, both in terms of species composition, structure and degree of modification caused by humans, animals, diseases and natural disasters. In the mature plantation economies, with all or most land engrossed by plantation agriculture, freed labour had little choice but to continue working as. Instead farmers today have a world market to serve. Despite largescale plantations in the tropics, smallholdings have consistently formed the backbone of rural economies, to the extent that they have become the main producers of some of the former plantation crops.
Large land areas are needed for this type of agriculture. Production characteristics for plantation estates are provided in table 1. Students were required to identify different environmental impacts of subsistence and commercial agriculture the agricultural types to which wet rice and wheat farming belong in parts c and d. Electronic versions of publications may be downloaded. Plantation crops are generally raised on large estates of more than 40 hectares. Overall, womens contribution to agriculture is poorly understood and their specific needs ignored in development planning. A plantation is the largescale estate meant for farming that specializes in cash crops. A matter of scale and perspective article pdf available in forestry chronicle 863.
Plantation agriculture is practiced in kerala, assam, karnataka, and maharashtra. Plantation farming emerged as a largescale system of specialized agriculture in the tropics under european colonialism, in opposition to smallholding subsistence agriculture. Plantations exist on every continent possessing a tropical climate. In particular for palm plantations, the continued growth in demand for palm oil over the past few decades has resulted in rapid expansion in the production of palm oil around the world. Examples of the agricultural raw materials includes cotton, coffee, sisal, pyre thrum, tea, cocoa and palm oil. Latin american plantations are most likely to grow coffee, sugarcane and bananas white ki plantations may provide rubber and palm oil. Total plantation area decreased by 12,400 hectares 0. While exporting mainly primary commodities also, the role of the govern. The characteristic features of this type of farming are large estates or plantations. However, womens full potential in agriculture must be realised if the goal of promoting agricultural and rural development is to be achieved. Agriculture in africa 3 our continent has enormous potential, not only to feed itself and eliminate hunger and food insecurity, but also to be a major play. Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown.
Download fulltext pdf negative or positive effects of plantation and intensive forestry on biodiversity. A plantation house is the main house of a plantation, often a substantial farmhouse, which often serves as a symbol for the plantation as a whole. Soil profile characteristics of a 25yearold windrowed loblolly pine plantation in louisiana. The adoption of technologies for sustainable farming systems is a challenging and dynamic issue for farmers, extension services, agribusiness and policymakers.
The plantation sector in indonesia is a large contributor to national income and at the same time maintains quite a large sector of employment. Characteristics of smallscale agriculture at subsistence level. Jun 27, 2016 five characteristics of plantation farming. It refers to the large scale, capitalised and often highly centralised cultivation in the plantations of cash crops for export. What are the characteristics features of plantation. Smallscale agriculture is practiced for both subsistence and commercial purposes.
Vegetation community and soil characteristics of abandoned. Read this article to learn about the advantages and disadvantages of plantation farming. Plantation agriculture plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Solved compare the government policy on wheat farming in kenya and canada. Plantation crops plantations are essentially large agricultural undertakings, but they also have certain industrial characteristics. Farmers handbook on basic agriculture acknowledgement h igher demand for agricultural raw material is now anticipated and agriculture is not any more about producing farm products and selling them exclusively at the local market. What are the characteristics of plantation farming in kenya. A plantation is an estate or a large piece of land in which a certain type of crop or plant is grown and processed. In the settler economy, plantation agriculture was controlled by european settlers that confiscated land and marginalized indigenous people. The entrepreneurs inject substantial capital to the moribund, underdeveloped economy that converts it into a vibrant, dynamic economy. Disadvantages are the financial risks due to fluctuating world market prices, the dependence on cheap labour and often advanced technology, which requires imports and foreign exchange. It is characterized by a low fallow ratio, higher use of inputs such as capital and labour, and higher crop yields per unit land area. Soil profile characteristics of a 25yearold windrowed.
Plantations, contract farming and commercial farming areas in. Colonies were expected to provide raw materials, both agricultural products and minerals, to the factories of the european countries. Globalization, agriculture and the least developed countries. In the mature plantation economies, with all or most land engrossed by plantation agriculture, freed labour had little choice but to continue working as subsistence wage labour. Typical characteristics and variables of plantations.
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